Cinnabar's Spectrum: A Systematic Review of Hingula's Therapeutic Potential and Pathya-Apathya from Rasayogasagar

Abstract

Hingula (Cinnabar), a mercury-based mineral, is integral to Ayurvedic Rasa Shastra. Despite its therapeutic use for ailments like fever and skin disease, its high mercury content (approx. 86%) necessitates rigorous purification (Shodhana) to mitigate toxicity. Modern analysis confirms that traditional Shodhana significantly reduces heavy metal levels to safe limits. Aim: This review systematically analyses Hingula-containing formulations from the classical compendium Rasayogasagar to evaluate Hingula percentage, indications, adjuvants (Anupana), and dietary guidelines (Pathya-Apathya). Materials and Methods: A critical review of Rasayogasagar was conducted. Data from 362 Hingula-containing formulations were compiled and categorized by dosage form, percentage of Hingula, therapeutic indications, and prescribed Anupana and Pathya-Apathya. Results and Conclusion: Analysis of 362 formulations (spanning 13 dosage forms) revealed a strong correlation between Hingula percentage and therapeutic use. Low-percentage (0.069-2%) formulations are used for rejuvenation (Vajikarana), medium-percentage (2-33%) for common ailments like Jwara (fever) and Atisara (diarrhoea), and high-percentage (≥50%) for severe conditions like Sannipata. Prescribed Pathya (e.g., milk, rice) and Apathya (e.g., salt, oil) are crucial for balancing mercury's heating Dosha effects. When properly purified and combined with correct diet, Hingula is a potent therapeutic agent.