Madhumeha Janya Timir w.s.r. to Diabetic Retinopathy: An Ayurvedic Review with Modern Correlations

Abstract

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular complications of Diabetes Mellitus and is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. In Ayurveda, diabetes is described under Madhumeha, a subtype of Prameha, characterized by deranged metabolism, tissue depletion, and vitiation of Doshas and Dhatus. Visual disturbances arising from Madhumeha are classified as Madhumeha Janya Timir, a progressive ocular disorder involving the Netra (eye) and ultimately leading to Kacha and Linganasha (vision loss). Pathological parallels exist between the Ayurvedic concept of Timir due to Dhatu kshaya and Dosha dushti, and the microvascular damage, ischemia, and neovascularization seen in DR. Management in modern medicine relies on glycemic control, laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections, and vitrectomy, but these approaches are often limited by recurrence, side effects, and cost. Ayurveda offers holistic management through Rasayana drugs, Chakshushya dravyas, and Netra Kriyakalpas such as Tarpana and Nasya, which aim to prevent progression and improve ocular health. This review article explores the Ayurvedic understanding of Madhumeha Janya Timir, correlates it with diabetic retinopathy, and evaluates evidence-based approaches from both systems.