Conceptual Understanding of Smriti (Memory): A Literary Review from Ayurvedic Classics and Contemporary Neuroscience

Abstract

Smriti (memory) in Ayurveda is described as the capacity to recall knowledge previously perceived, heard, or experienced, representing a higher dimension of cognitive function. Classical texts explain that Smriti does not function independently but arises from the coordinated interaction of Atma (self), Mana (mind), Indriya (sense organs), and Buddhi (intellect). It is considered a vital component of Pragya (wisdom), along with Dhee (comprehension) and Dhriti (retention). Impairment of Smriti leads to Prajnaparadha (intellectual error), which is regarded as a fundamental cause of disease. This review compiles references from major Ayurvedic treatises and commentaries to explore the philosophical and functional aspects of Smriti. It analyses the role of Tridosha-particularly Prana and Udana Vayu, Sadhaka Pitta, and Tarpaka Kapha-in memory regulation. Internal and external factors such as Abhyantara Karana, Bahya Karana, Abhyasa, Sattvanubandha, and Punahshrutata influencing memory formation and recall are discussed. Classical descriptions of Smriti Vibhramsha, Jara (age-related decline), and Prakriti-based variations are critically examined. Modern neurophysiological concepts, including synaptic plasticity, hippocampal function, and memory consolidation, are correlated with Ayurvedic principles, highlighting significant conceptual parallels and supporting a holistic understanding of cognitive health.