A Comprehensive Review on Lauha Bhasma

Abstract

Rasashastra, a specialized branch of Ayurveda, describes systematic pharmaceutical processes such as Śodhana and Maraṇa to convert metals into safe, bioassimilable therapeutic agents. Lauha Bhasma (incinerated iron) is extensively used in the management of Paṇḍuroga (iron deficiency anemia), a major global health concern. Materials and Methods: Ayurvedic texts including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Rasa Ratna Samuccaya, Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Ayurveda Prakasha, and Rasa Tarangini. Modern scientific literature was retrieved from databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Classical pharmaceutical procedures of Loha Śodhana and Maraṇa were critically analyzed alongside modern physicochemical characterization techniques such as XRD, XPS, SEM, TXRF, and GIXRF. Results: Historical analysis revealed a progressive evolution of Loha from a utilitarian metal in the Vedic and Puraṇic periods to a well-defined therapeutic agent during the Samhita and Rasashastra periods. Classical texts describe multiple types of Loha with Kaanta Loha (magnetite) being therapeutically superior. Pharmaceutical processing transformed raw iron into Lauha Bhasma with Jamuna and Rakta varṇa characteristics. The final Bhasma showed high acid- and water-insoluble ash values and absence of toxic metals. Toxicity studies demonstrated no significant acute or chronic toxicity. Discussion: Traditional Rasashastra procedures effectively modify the physicochemical nature of iron, improving its safety, stability, and therapeutic efficacy. The presence of magnetite nanoparticles explains the enhanced bioavailability, sustained absorption, and Rasayana effects described in classical texts. The minimal toxicity and effective hematinic action observed validate the classical claims regarding Lauha Bhasma in iron deficiency anaemia.