Exploring the Nomenclature and Pharmacodynamic Attributes of Bilva (Aegle Marmelos (L.) Corrêa) Through Nighantu (Ayurvedic Lexicon) Literature

Abstract

Bilva (Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa) holds a distinctive place in classical Ayurvedic literature, with detailed descriptions of its synonyms, properties, and therapeutic actions recorded across the Nighantus. However, a systematic, part-wise comparison of this data across the classical lexicon tradition has remained limited. This review refers to twenty-seven Nighantus across different historical periods to trace the placement, nomenclature, Rasapanchaka, and Karma of Bilva according to the specific plant part described. Synonyms were categorized as morphology-based or action-based and cross-referenced with their Nirukti to assess whether classical nomenclature carried functional significance. Results showed that Bilva was consistently classified across multiple Vargas corresponding to specific plant parts rather than treated as a single undifferentiated drug. Bilvamoola was characterized predominantly by Madhura rasa, Laghu guna, and Tridoshaghna action, while Apakva Bilva Phala showed a distinct Tikta-Kashaya, Ushna, Vatakaphahara profile correlating with its Samgrahi and Deepana Karma. These part-specific classical attributes showed notable correlation with contemporary pharmacological evidence, particularly for the root and unripe fruit. The findings affirm that Bilva's therapeutic identity is part-specific rather than uniform, underscoring the continued clinical relevance of systematic Nighantu study for the rational, evidence-based application of this drug in current Ayurvedic practice.