Pharmacognostical Evaluation and HPTLC Profiling of Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.) Roots

Abstract

Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn., known as Yashtimadhu, is a highly valued botanical drug in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. Given its widespread clinical use, establishing rigorous quality control parameters is essential to prevent adulteration and ensure therapeutic efficacy. Aim: To systematically evaluate the pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical, and HPTLC fingerprint profiles of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots. Materials and Methods: The authenticated root samples were evaluated for macroscopic, organoleptic, and microscopic characteristics. Physicochemical parameters, including loss on drying (LOD), ash values, extractive values, and pH, were determined in accordance with the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) and WHO guidelines. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted on aqueous, alcoholic, and hydroalcoholic extracts. High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) profiling of the hydroethanolic extract was performed using a mobile phase of N-butanol:Water:Acetic acid (7:2:1, v/v/v) and scanned at 254nm and 366 nm. Results: Macroscopy and transverse sectioning revealed distinct bark, cork, secondary cortex, broad phloem, and secondary xylem zones. Powder microscopy confirmed the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, abundant starch grains, and pitted xylem vessels. Physicochemical analysis and Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of vital secondary metabolites like saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, and steroids. HPTLC fingerprinting displayed 7 distinct and well-resolved peaks at both 254nm (max  0.992) and 366nm, validating the complex phytochemical matrix. Conclusion: The established macro and microscopic markers, physicochemical constants, and distinct HPTLC fingerprints serve as highly reproducible reference standards for the authentication, routine quality control, and standardization of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots.