Karna Nada in Ayurveda: A Comparative Review of Classical Literature from the Brhattrayi to the Sangrahakarah

Abstract

Karna Nada, one of the diseases described under Karna Roga in Ayurveda, is characterized by the perception of abnormal sounds in the absence of an external auditory stimulus. A comparative evaluation of these descriptions is essential to understand the evolution of Ayurvedic concepts related to this disease. Objective: To perform a comparative textual analysis of Karna Nada from the Brhattrayi to the Sangrahakaraḥ and evaluate the evolution of its etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, and therapeutic principles in classical Ayurvedic literature. Methods: A qualitative comparative literature review was conducted including Caraka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hrdaya, Madhava Nidana, and Yogaratnakara. Relevant references to Karna Nada were identified and comparatively analyzed with respect to Nidana, Purvarupa, Rupa, Samprapti, Cikitsa, and prognostic aspects. Result: All classical texts consistently identify Vata Dosha as the principal pathogenic factor responsible for Karna Nada. Caraka Samhita classifies the condition among the Vataja Nanatmaja Vyadhis, while Sushruta Samhita provides the earliest detailed description of its pathogenesis through the involvement of the Shabdavaha Naḍis. Ashtanga Hrdaya further describes the progression of untreated Karna Nada to Badhirya in association with Kapha Dosha. Madhava Nidana and Yogaratnakara, expand the descriptions of clinical features, prognosis, and therapeutic interventions. Therapeutic approaches evolve from general Vatahara Cikitsa to comprehensive management incorporating Nasya, Karnapurana, Snehana, Swedana, Basti, Virecana, Dhumapana, and medicated oil preparations. Conclusion: The comparative analysis demonstrates that the Ayurvedic concept of Karna Nada evolved through progressive refinement of its clinical description and management while maintaining a consistent pathophysiological basis centered on aggravated Vata Dosha.