Nutrition Transition and Determinants of Iron Deficiency Anaemia Among Indian Tribal Communities

Abstract

Anaemia remains a major global public health problem, affecting approximately 24.8% of the population. The burden is disproportionately higher among socially and economically marginalized communities, particularly tribal populations in India. Traditionally, tribal diets were diverse and nutrient-rich, providing natural sources of essential micronutrients; however, ongoing dietary transitions and urbanization-driven changes have gradually altered these food patterns. Objective: To examine the association between urbanization-driven dietary transition and anaemia among tribal communities, and its role in iron deficiency. Methods: A narrative review and analytical synthesis were conducted using epidemiological studies, nutrition transition literature, and documented tribal dietary practices. Results: Anaemia prevalence among tribal populations ranges from 51% to over 70% in various regions. Urbanization has led to reduced consumption of iron-rich traditional foods such as millets, pulses, leafy greens, and forest products, alongside increased intake of refined cereals and processed foods with lower micronutrient density. Factors such as phytates, tannins, and reduced vitamin C intake further influence iron absorption.  Discussion: Dietary transition plays a significant role in sustaining the high burden of anaemia among tribal populations by eroding indigenous food systems and thereby reducing the natural dietary protection against iron deficiency. Addressing this issue requires integrated strategies focusing on preservation of traditional diets, promotion of millets, strengthening of tribal agriculture, and culturally appropriate community-based interventions.