Critical Review of the Concept of Ama and Its Role in Panchakarma Therapy: A Literary Review

Abstract

Background

Ama is an integral part of Ayurvedic pathology and is considered one of the main causes of the onset and development of many diseases. Ama is the toxic metabolic waste which develops because of the dysfunction of Digestion fire (Agnimandya) in classical Ayurvedic texts. Panchakarma therapy is regarded as the main purification technique for the removal of Ama and the balance of physiological functions.

Objective

The present review is aimed to critically analyze the concept of Ama as mentioned in the leading Ayurvedic Samhitas and to assess its part and management through Panchakarma therapy.

Methodology

The references from classical ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Ashtanga sangraha etc) were taken to carry out the literary review. As for the definition, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical significance, and management of Ama, the information was compiled, compared and critically analysed.

Findings

The review shows all the major Samhitas acknowledge Ama as one of the basic pathogenic factors that arise due to the derangements of Agni. The descriptions and interpretations of the texts, although slightly different, all link Ama with obstruction of bodily channels (Srotorodha), doshic imbalance and disease manifestation. The panchakarma procedures, especially Deepana-Pachana, Snehana, Swedana, Vamana, Virechana, and Basti, are mentioned to be effective methods to digest, mobilize and eliminate ama, thus to restore health.

Conclusion

According to the classical ayurvedic literature, Ama is an important factor in the occurrence of disease pathogenesis and uses Panchakarma as one of the important therapeutic modalities to manage Ama. The knowledge of Ama and its elimination by panchakarma is very relevant for the modern day Ayurvedic treatments and serves as a basis for further scientific research.