Poisonings of the Skin: A Critical Review of Classical Ayurvedic and Contemporary Scientific Perspectives by Visha and Twak Vikara

Abstract

Ayurveda describes Visha as a broad category of poisons that may produce Twak vikara through direct toxicity, cumulative exposure, or improper use of potent substances. This review explores classical Ayurvedic classifications such as Garavisha, Dushivisha, and Upavisha and relates them to contemporary toxicological and dermatological concepts. Methods: A critical narrative review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic references and selected contemporary scientific literature addressing poison-related skin disorders, Kushtha, Twacha physiology, and Agada Tantra. Relevant concepts were compared to identify points of convergence between traditional and modern explanations of toxin-induced skin disease. Results: The review shows that Ayurveda presents a detailed framework for understanding poison-related skin manifestations, including acute, chronic, and subtle toxic effects. Kushtha is described as a broad dermatological category, while Twacha is recognized as a vital protective and diagnostic organ. Modern literature similarly supports the role of toxins in inflammatory, allergic, and chronic skin disorders. Conclusion: Ayurveda offers a sophisticated toxicological model for interpreting skin disorders associated with Visha. Integrating classical concepts with contemporary science may improve understanding of etiology, diagnosis, and management of poison-related dermatological conditions.